N-Phenylmaleimide for ABS Heat-Resistant Modifiers

Regarding to enhancing the performance of ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene) resin, N-Phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) has emerged as a key ingredient for improving heat resistance and durability. At the forefront of producing this high-quality monomer is Yangchen Tech, a trusted manufacturer specializing in fine chemical materials. With a purity level reaching 99.7% and excellent solubility, Yangchen Tech’s N-Phenylmaleimide stands out as a reliable solution for ABS heat-resistant modification.

What is N-Phenylmaleimide?

N-Phenylmaleimide (N-PMI) is a versatile monomer known for its ability to enhance the thermal properties of various polymers, especially ABS resin. Its unique molecular structure contributes to superior heat stability, making it an essential additive for high-performance materials used in demanding applications.

Yangchen Tech ensures that the N-PMI we manufacture maintains a high level of purity (99.7%), guaranteeing optimal performance in industrial applications. Moreover, our N-PMI offers excellent solubility, making it easy to incorporate into polymer systems during production processes.

 

N-Phenylmaleimide

Why Use N-Phenylmaleimide for ABS Heat-Resistant Modifiers?

When added to ABS, N-Phenylmaleimide plays a critical role in improving the resin's ability to withstand high temperatures, mechanical stress, and long-term durability. Here’s how it works:

  • Heat Resistance: N-PMI enhances the glass transition temperature (Tg) of ABS, significantly improving its heat distortion temperature.
    • Adding 1% N-PMI as a copolymerization monomer increases ABS’s heat distortion temperature by approximately 2°C.
    • When the N-PMI content reaches 15%, the heat-resistant temperature of ABS can rise to 125–135°C, making it suitable for applications that require exceptional thermal stability.
  • Mechanical Strength: N-PMI improves the tensile strength, hardness, and overall toughness of ABS, making it suitable for industrial and engineering applications.
  • Processing Properties: With excellent solubility and compatibility, N-PMI ensures smoother production and enhances the processability of ABS resin formulations.

 

Specification

 

Appearance Melting point  Purity Solubility
Yellow crystalline powder or flakes 85-90℃ >99% Soluble in organic solvents

 

 

Basic Information

 

 

 

Chemical Structure N-phenylmaleimide
Chemical Formula C10H7NO2
CAS No. 941-69-5
Molecular Weight 173.16
Packing Type Paper bag (20 kg)
Properties Yellow crystalline powder or needles

Applications of ABS Modified with N-Phenylmaleimide

ABS modified with N-PMI has widespread applications across various industries due to its enhanced thermal and mechanical properties. Common applications include:

  1. Automotive Parts: Heat-resistant ABS is ideal for under-the-hood components and interior parts exposed to high temperatures.
  2. Electronics: ABS modified with N-PMI is used in housings and structural components for electronic devices requiring thermal stability.
  3. Appliances: Kitchen appliances and tools exposed to heat benefit from ABS with improved durability.
  4. Industrial Equipment: High-performance ABS is used for durable, heat-stable parts in manufacturing equipment and machinery.

Why Choose Yangchen Tech as Your Supplier?

Yangchen Tech has established itself as a leading manufacturer of N-Phenylmaleimide with a reputation for quality, reliability, and innovation. Here’s why we are the best choice for your N-PMI needs:

  1. High Purity:
    Our N-Phenylmaleimide boasts a purity of 99.7%, ensuring unmatched performance and consistency in every application.

  2. Excellent Solubility:
    The superior solubility of our N-PMI ensures seamless incorporation into ABS and other polymer systems, saving you time and resources during production.

  3. Advanced R&D Competence:
    At Yangchen Tech, we pride ourselves on our advanced research and development capabilities. We continuously improve our products to meet the evolving demands of global industries.

  4. Cost-Effective Solutions:
    While maintaining premium quality, we offer competitive pricing compared to other suppliers, providing significant value for our clients.

  5. Customized Support:
    Yangchen Tech offers tailored solutions based on your specific requirements, whether you need bulk orders or customized formulations for your polymer systems.

Comparing Yangchen Tech to Other Manufacturers

  • Purity and Quality: With 99.7% purity, our N-PMI outperforms many competitors, ensuring superior heat resistance and durability for ABS modifiers.
  • Global Reach: We cater to international markets, providing export-grade N-PMI with exceptional quality and consistency.
  • Customer-Centric Approach: Unlike many suppliers, Yangchen Tech provides free samples for testing and offers customization services to meet the unique needs of your production processes.

 

When it comes to N-Phenylmaleimide for ABS heat-resistant modifiers, Yangchen Tech delivers an ensured quality, expertise, and customer service. Our high-purity N-PMI not only enhances the thermal stability and mechanical properties of ABS but also ensures seamless integration into your production systems.

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Unveiling the Wonders of SMA Copolymer Powder

In the realm of advanced materials, SMA Copolymer Powder manufactured by Yangchen Tech has been making waves and carving out a significant niche. 

SMA copolymer powder (Styrene Maleic Anhydride copolymer powder) ,also called ABS heat resistant modifier agent manufactured by Yangchen Tech, is a unique polymeric material. It is synthesized through a carefully controlled chemical process that combines styrene and maleic anhydride monomers. This combination imparts a host of good properties to the product.

 

SMA Copolymer Powder

 

Physical Properties 

 

 

Test Item Test Standards Test Data
Molecular weight and distribution GPC Mw=12~16*104.PDI=2.0~3.0
Glass transition temperaturehttps://www.yangchentech.com℃ DSC 160~210℃(Adjustable)
Initial decomposition temperaturehttps://www.yangchentech.com℃ TGA 395-405℃
Density  ASTM-D792 1.00~1.15ghttps://www.yangchentech.comcm3
Appearance NG Off-white powder

 

One of the most notable characteristics of SMA copolymer powder is its excellent thermal stability. It can withstand relatively high temperatures without significant degradation, making it suitable for applications where heat resistance is crucial. For instance, in the manufacturing of certain automotive components that are exposed to engine heat or in electronic devices that generate heat during operation, SMA copolymer powder can provide the necessary durability and performance.

 

SMA copolymer powder also exhibits remarkable adhesion properties. It can adhere well to a variety of substrates, including metals, plastics, and composites. This makes it a valuable ingredient in adhesives and coatings formulations. When used in coatings, it not only helps in providing a strong bond but also can enhance the surface finish and resistance to environmental factors such as moisture and abrasion. In the adhesive industry, SMA copolymer powder can improve the shear strength and overall bonding performance of the adhesive, ensuring reliable and long-lasting joints.

 

Another area where ABS heat resistant modifier agent shines is in the field of polymer modification. It can be blended with other polymers to improve their properties. For example, when added to thermoplastic resins like polyethylene or polypropylene, it can enhance their rigidity and toughness simultaneously. This allows manufacturers to create materials with a better balance of mechanical properties, expanding the range of applications for these polymers. It can also improve the compatibility of different polymers in blends, reducing phase separation and improving the homogeneity of the final product.

 

In the packaging industry, SMA copolymer powder is finding increasing use. It can be incorporated into packaging films to improve their barrier properties against gases and moisture. This helps in extending the shelf life of packaged food and other perishable items. Additionally, its ability to enhance the printability of packaging materials.

 

SMA copolymer powder manufactured by Yangchen Tech is a versatile material that can be used in a wide range of industries. ABS heat resistant modifier agent has unique thermal stability, adhesion and polymer modification capabilities.

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Epoxy Resin Toughening Modification Methods

 

Background

Epoxy resin is a very important thermosetting resin because there are many epoxy groups in pure epoxy resin. Therefore, the chemical cross-linking density of the cured structure is high, the molecular chain flexibility is low, and the internal stress is large, resulting in the epoxy cured material being more brittle and having poor impact resistance and fatigue resistance durability.So the application and development of epoxy resin in high-tech fields with durability and reliability requirements are limited. Therefore, it is necessary to toughen and modify epoxy resin while maintaining its excellent properties.

 

Toughening modification methods

1. Rubber elastomer toughened epoxy resin

Rubber elastomers are the earliest and most widely used tougheners. Rubber elastomers used for toughening epoxy resins are usually reactive liquid polymers (RLP), that is, the end or side groups have active functional groups (such as -COOH, -OH, -NH2, etc.), which can chemically react with epoxy groups.  Factors that determine the toughening effect of rubber elastomer:a.The solubility of rubber molecules in uncured EP. b. Whether rubber molecules can precipitate during the curing process of epoxy gel and be evenly dispersed in the ring with appropriate particle size and ideal form. in oxygen resin.

Currently commonly used RLP rubbers and elastomers include amine-terminated nitrile rubber (ATBN), epoxy-terminated nitrile rubber (ETBN), hydroxyl-terminated nitrile rubber (HTBN), carboxyl-terminated nitrile rubber (CTBN), polyester Sulfur rubber (PSR), PUR and silicone rubber (SR), etc. Among them, CTBN contains very polar nitrile groups (-CN) and has good molecular flexibility. Its toughened EP system forms a "sea-island" microscopic phase separation structure that helps improve the toughness of composite materials.

2. Core-shell polymer toughened epoxy resin

Core/shell structure polymer (CSP) toughened epoxy resin technology is used. CSP particles are enriched with different material components inside and outside, resulting in their core and shell having different functions. Compared with the traditional EP/RLP system, due to the good flocculation of the CSP shell, it is incompatible with EP after blending and can form a complete "sea-island" phase separation structure after solidification. By controlling the core-shell material components and particle size, which can significantly improve the toughness of EP.

3. Thermoplastic resin toughened epoxy resin

Due to the low molecular weight of rubber elastomers, their introduction into EP will reduce the strength, modulus and heat resistance of the cured product. In order to solve these problems, researchers have developed high toughness, high strength and high heat resistance properties. The TP toughening EP approach can significantly improve EP toughness. The commonly used TPs include polysulfone (PSF), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherimide (PEI), polyphenylene ether (PPO), etc.

4. Thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) toughened epoxy resin

Thermotropic liquid crystal polymer (TLCP) is a type of TP with special properties. Its molecular structure contains a certain amount of flexible segments and a large number of mesogenic rigid units (methylstyrenes, esters, biphenyl, etc.), which exhibits high strength and high Excellent mechanical properties such as modulus and self-reinforcement as well as better heat resistance. Liquid crystal epoxy resin (LCEP) has the advantages of both EP and liquid crystal, and has good compatibility with EP and can be used to toughen epoxy resin.

5. Polymer interpenetrating network structure (IPN) toughened epoxy resin

IPN not only improves the impact strength and toughness of composites, but also maintains or even improves their tensile strength and heat resistance. This is because unlike mechanical blends, the polymer component materials in IPN are entangled and penetrated at the molecular segment level, thus showing "forced inclusion" and "synergistic effects"

6. Hyperbranched polymer (HBP) toughened epoxy resin

The mechanism of HBP tougheningepoxy resin is to assemble functional groups in the outer layer of HBP molecules, which reduces the degree of molecular chain entanglement in the system and reduces the crystallinity, thereby regulating the phase structure of EP and improving the toughness of the resin system.

Some scholars have synthesized hyperbranched polyurethane (HBPu) using a quasi-one-step method, and then used it to toughen acid anhydride-cured bisphenol A-type glycidyl ether (DGEBA). Research shows that after the introduction of HBPu, the resin viscosity of the uncured EP system is significantly reduced; the impact properties of cured EP are significantly improved.

7. Nanoparticle toughened epoxy resin

Nanoparticles have become one of the hot topics in recent materials research due to their synergistic effect on both strengthening and toughening of polymers, which is attributed to properties such as nanoparticle surface effects and quantum size effects. Among them, inorganic fillers are widely used because of their low cost, low thermal expansion and shrinkage, and high elastic modulus and impact toughness of the composite materials produced. For example: Nano-zirconia (ZrO2), etc.

Carbon nanomaterials, including CNT and graphene (GE), have a higher surface area to volume ratio due to their unique one- and two-dimensional structures, making them more conducive to improving the mechanics, electricity, thermal and barrier properties of the polymer matrix. Properties are currently a hot research topic in material modification. Due to the low surface activation energy of carbon nanomaterials, their compatibility with EP is not ideal, so researchers modified the carbon nanomaterials for use.

Organic nanoelastomers, such as carboxyl nitrile elastomers, butylbutylene elastomers, etc., in addition to the characteristics of nanomaterials, also have the toughness of elastomers, and have good compatibility with EP. They are a type of elastomer with broad development prospects material.

8. Ionic liquid toughened epoxy resin

Ionic liquids are molten salts composed of inorganic anions and organic cations. They are liquid at or near room temperature. They are recognized as "green materials" because of their non-volatility. Ionic liquids have "designability" and are used as plasticizers, lubricants, nucleating agents and antistatic agents for polymers.

Some scholars have used butane ionic liquids to dope GE-modified EP composites, and their tensile properties and bending properties have also been significantly improved.

 9. Composite toughened epoxy resin

With the development of technology, researchers have realized that using two toughening agents in combination has better application effects than a single toughening agent. EP/(GE/KH–GE)/MWCNTs-OH composites were prepared by adding GE and hydroxylated multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs-OH) to EP. The results show that GE/KH–GE and MWCNTs-OH have a synergistic toughening effect on EP without affecting the mechanical properties of EP.

10. Flexible segment curing agent toughens epoxy resin

Methods for modifying EP based on physical or chemical principles have shortcomings such as complex and lengthy process routes. By using macromolecular curing agents containing flexible segments, after the EP is cured, the flexible segments are naturally bonded to the resin system. In the three-dimensional cross-linked network, on the one hand, it improves the flexibility of the molecules and promotes plastic deformation of the resin structure. On the other hand, the flexible segments also produce microscopic phase separation structures in the resin system, which can alleviate stress concentration. Therefore, flexible segment curing agents can greatly improve the toughness of EP without increasing process complexity.

Compared with traditional rigid aromatic amine curing agents, after curing EP with aromatic amine curing agents (RAn) containing flexible groups such as ether bonds (—O—) and saturated alkane chains [—(CH2)n—], the resin system has a better The tensile properties and impact properties have been improved to a certain extent.

 

Outlook

With an in-depth understanding of the toughening mechanism and based on the continuously improved material genome technology, on the basis of traditional toughening and reinforcement, new toughening methods/processes and the development of new multi-functional toughening agents can be further improved. Thermal properties and endowed with properties such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, wave absorption, electromagnetic shielding, damping and shock absorption.

 

Sintering processes of semiconductor ceramic components

Semiconductor devices require the use of semiconductor equipment such as etching machines, photolithography machines, and ion implantation machines. Inside these semiconductor devices, numerous ceramic components are used. Ceramic materials offer excellent properties, including high-temperature resistance, corrosion resistance, high precision, and high strength, making them well-suited for use in semiconductor equipment. Many ceramic components are key parts in semiconductor processes, directly contacting the wafers. They can achieve precise control of wafer surface temperature and rapid heating or cooling.

 

Semiconductor ceramic components belong to advanced ceramics, typically made from high-purity, ultra-fine inorganic materials, such as alumina (Al₂O₃), silicon carbide (SiC), aluminum nitride (AlN), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), and yttria (Y₂O₃). The types of semiconductor ceramic components include semiconductor robotic arms, ceramic nozzles, ceramic windows, ceramic cavity covers, porous ceramic vacuum suction cups, and others.

 

semiconductor robotic arms

 

The preparation process for semiconductor ceramic components mainly includes powder preparation, powder molding, high-temperature sintering, precision machining, quality inspection, and surface treatment.

 

Regarding sintering processes, some ceramic components undergo de-binding followed by sintering, while in others, de-binding and sintering are performed simultaneously. Typically, the de-binding temperature is lower than the sintering temperature and does not exceed 1000°C. High-temperature sintering methods mainly include pressureless sintering, vacuum sintering, and atmosphere sintering. Sintering transforms the ceramic from a green body to a dense structure.

 

AlN ceramic diverter

 

The main sintering processes are as follows:

  1. Pressureless Sintering
    Pressureless sintering refers to the process where the material is sintered under atmospheric pressure without the application of additional pressure. This is the most commonly used sintering method, typically performed in an oxygen atmosphere or a special gas atmosphere. During pressureless sintering, the formed green body is not subjected to external pressure, and the powder particles aggregate and form crystalline bonds under normal atmospheric pressure.

  2. Vacuum Sintering
    Vacuum sintering is the process of sintering ceramic green bodies under a vacuum environment. Through physical and chemical actions, the green body is transformed into a dense and hard sintered body. In oxide ceramic bodies, the pores are primarily filled with water, hydrogen, and oxygen, which escape during sintering. However, gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and especially nitrogen are difficult to escape through the pores, leading to reduced density in the final product. Vacuum sintering ensures that all gases are expelled, improving the product's density.

  3. Atmosphere Sintering
    For ceramics that are difficult to sinter under pressureless sintering, atmosphere sintering is commonly used. In this method, specific gases are introduced into the furnace to create the required atmosphere for sintering the ceramic components. Depending on the material, different atmospheres such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, or argon may be used.

  4.  
  5. AlN ceramic nozzles

Analyzing Carbon-Plated Running Shoes Material Applications in Marathon Performance


In recent years, carbon-plated running shoes have rapidly risen to prominence in the marathon community, becoming a favorite among many runners. The widespread appeal of these shoes lies in their use of supercritical foam materials for the midsole, which offer exceptional lightweight properties and superior cushioning with rebound performance. Additionally, the carbon plate reinforces the midsole structure, providing arch support and stability, enhancing energy return, and delivering powerful propulsion.




The Importance of Running Shoes in Marathon Sports

In the footwear industry, marathon running has become one of the most popular activities. As a high-intensity sport, marathon running places extremely high demands on the performance of running shoes. Research shows that under specific running conditions, every additional 100g in shoe weight increases the running time for a 3000m distance by 0.78%. Therefore, a lightweight and comfortable running shoe is crucial for enhancing running efficiency.

During a marathon, prolonged running often leads to a decline in energy and reduced muscle control, resulting in decreased joint and muscle stability. This can cause energy transfer inefficiencies during running, leading to energy loss. After long-distance running, significant changes in foot morphology are observed, such as excessive inward rotation of the ankle and a tendency for the arch to lower. If running shoes fail to provide adequate support and timely cushioning, these changes may trigger various sports injuries.

For instance, functional or non-functional overtraining can result in a series of syndromes. When external loads exceed the tissue's recovery capacity and rapid recovery is not achieved, it may lead to tissue overload injuries. To mitigate energy loss caused by inefficient energy transfer and alleviate fatigue from marathon running, it is essential to incorporate sufficient support and cushioning mechanisms, particularly in the shoe sole, to promote foot function recovery throughout the shoe's design.



Two Core Factors of Carbon-Plated Running Shoes: Both Are Indispensable

1. Carbon Plate
The carbon plate is a high-strength, lightweight carbon fiber composite material, typically made by combining carbon fiber strands with epoxy resin. It is usually embedded in the midsole of running shoes. Its primary function is to utilize the lever principle, storing the impact force generated when a runner lands and releasing it during the push-off phase, thereby creating additional propulsion.



Carbon plate technology can reduce energy loss with each step for runners, helping maintain running efficiency, especially during long-duration exercise. Research shows that running shoes with embedded carbon fiber plates can reduce running energy consumption by about 4%, making them regarded as "cutting-edge technology" for improving performance. Carbon plate running shoes can be divided into three types: "support type," "stabilizing type," and "propulsion type."

Support Type: These shoes typically have a small carbon plate area, or the area of focus is around the arch. The carbon plate absorbs a significant amount of downward force on the arch, providing arch support and reducing pressure on it.

Stabilizing Type: These shoes are developed based on the "support type," with a larger carbon plate area. The carbon plate typically forms an "X" or "Y" shape in the center of the shoe, extending forward and backward. The primary function is to provide "support" and "stability."

Propulsion Type (Shovel Type): These shoes have a whole piece of carbon plate design, without perforation, offering the well-known benefit of "performance enhancement" associated with carbon plate shoes.

Despite the many advantages of carbon plate running shoes, they are not suitable for all runners. The rigidity and structural characteristics of the carbon plate make them more suitable for runners with strong running techniques and power. If a runner lacks sufficient strength and technique, they may feel discomfort or increase the risk of injury. Runners with different needs should choose the appropriate type of carbon plate:

- Support Type: Best for high-mileage training, providing additional arch support and stability.
- Stabilizing Type: Suitable for intermediate-level competitive runners, helping to better utilize the carbon plate's performance to improve running economy.
- Propulsion Type: Specifically designed for performance-focused runners, maximizing the propulsion effect to increase speed.



Of course, it is important to objectively recognize that while carbon plates are powerful, in running shoes, they need to be paired with high-performance foam midsoles to achieve their full potential. The two complement each other. The carbon plate is generally placed above, below, or embedded within the midsole.


2. Midsole Technology

2.1 PEBA
In recent years, PEBA (polyether block amide) elastomer has gradually become one of the most powerful materials for running shoe midsoles. It is a block copolymer made from rigid polyamide segments and soft polyether segments. The combination of the rigidity of polyamide and the elasticity of polyether allows the PEBA elastomer to achieve extremely high energy recovery during repeated bending, thus reducing energy loss to a very low level.

Nike's ZoomX midsole technology is made from PEBAX supercritical foam and boasts an energy return rate of up to 85%. This innovation has caused a huge sensation in the running shoe industry and is considered one of the top midsole materials. Running shoes equipped with ZoomX, such as the Alphafly and Vaporfly series, have become the go-to footwear for long-distance running legends like Eliud Kipchoge and Haile Gebrselassie.




2.2 EVA
EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate) is one of the earliest foam materials used in shoe midsoles. It is lightweight, easy to process, and the rebound rate of pure EVA foam generally ranges from 40% to 45%. Due to its cost advantage, EVA foam material has been the primary material choice for mainstream sports shoes for a long time.



2.3 ETPU
ETPU (Expanded Thermoplastic Polyurethane) is a type of thermoplastic elastomer made from a block copolymer consisting of diisocyanates, chain extenders, and polyols. The soft segments made from polyols exhibit flexibility and toughness, while the diisocyanates act as hard segments, providing hardness and rigidity. After crystallizing, the hard segments form physical crosslinking points, which gives TPU its high elasticity. Therefore, TPU has notable advantages such as high tensile strength, large elongation, and low permanent deformation under long-term compression.

When TPU is foamed, it becomes ETPU, which has a popcorn-like texture and exhibits excellent rebound and deformation recovery abilities. The ball rebound value of its foam is typically as high as 60%. In 2013, Adidas introduced the Boost midsole technology, centered around "popcorn" (ETPU), and used it in the EnergyBOOST running shoe. In 2015, Adidas launched the UltraBoost midsole foam technology and the UltraBoost series running shoes, which created a huge sensation in the running shoe industry. In July of this year, Adidas launched the latest Ultraboost 5 and Ultraboost 5X, with the Ultraboost 5 midsole featuring Adidas' latest LIGHT BOOST technology, which reduces weight while providing all the advantages of standard BOOST foam.




2.4 TPEE
TPEE (Thermoplastic Polyester Elastomer) is essentially a block copolymer made from polyester as the hard segment and polyether/polyester as the soft segment. The most common type of TPEE is the polyether ester type, with PBT (Polybutylene Terephthalate) and PTMG (PolyTetraHydroFuran Glycol) as the main structural components.

The high rebound elasticity, fatigue resistance, and low-temperature flexibility of TPEE make it an ideal material for outdoor sports products. In early 2022, Adidas launched the Adizero ADIOS Pro 2, equipped with its Lightstrike Pro technology. This material is made from TPEE supercritical foam, offering a cushioning and rebound experience comparable to ZoomX, and it achieved excellent results in the ROAD TO RECORDS challenge.






Xiamen LFT offers a variety of carbon fiber composites for carbon plate production in shoe soles.

You can contact us to receive free technical support.





How to improve the hydrolysis degree of polyacrylamide?

To improve the hydrolysis degree of polyacrylamide (PAM), you can consider the following methods:

 

1. Increase the reaction time: Hydrolysis of PAM is typically carried out by treating it with a base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), at an elevated temperature. By extending the reaction time, you allow more time for the hydrolysis reaction to occur, leading to a higher degree of hydrolysis.

 

2. Increase the reaction temperature: Higher temperatures generally facilitate chemical reactions. Increasing the temperature during the hydrolysis process can accelerate the reaction rate and enhance the hydrolysis degree. However, be cautious not to exceed the temperature limits to avoid degradation or undesirable side reactions.

 

3. Adjust the pH: The hydrolysis reaction of PAM is sensitive to the pH of the solution. Increasing the pH by adding more base, such as NaOH, can promote the hydrolysis process. However, excessive pH values can result in PAM degradation. It is important to optimize the pH conditions for the desired hydrolysis degree.

 

4. Increase the concentration of the base: The hydrolysis reaction of PAM is catalyzed by hydroxide ions (OH-). Therefore, by increasing the concentration of the base in the reaction mixture, you enhance the availability of hydroxide ions, which can lead to an increased hydrolysis degree. However, excessive base concentration should be avoided to prevent unwanted side reactions or degradation.

 

5. Use a catalyst: Certain catalysts can be employed to assist in the hydrolysis reaction of PAM, accelerating the process and increasing the hydrolysis degree. These catalysts can include transition metals or specific enzymes. This method requires careful selection and optimization of the catalyst for the particular hydrolysis reaction.

 

6. Utilize microwaves or ultrasound: Applying microwave or ultrasound irradiation during the hydrolysis process can provide additional energy to the reaction system, promoting the hydrolysis reaction and increasing the hydrolysis degree. These techniques can enhance the reaction rate and efficiency, thereby improving the hydrolysis of PAM.

 

It's worth noting that the hydrolysis degree of PAM might have significant implications for its desired application. Therefore, it's crucial to optimize the hydrolysis conditions based on the specific requirements and intended use of the hydrolyzed PAM product.

PVA Dustless Chalk Erasers for a Sustainable Classroom Environment

PVA dustless chalk erasers is a new type of product that first appeared in the 1990s. It is made of polyvinyl alcohol as raw material and produced through a special process. PVA, also known as Polyvinyl alcohol, is a synthetic polymer derived from renewable resources, making it an eco-friendly choice for various applications. With its excellent biodegradability and non-toxic nature, PVA is recognized as a sustainable alternative to traditional materials. Incorporating PVA into classroom equipment, such as dustless chalk erasers, presents numerous advantages to both teachers and students. 

 

In a direct comparison between PVA dustless chalk erasers and traditional chalk erasers, the advantages of PVA become evident. While traditional erasers generate significant dust, PVA erasers eliminate this concern, reducing the risk of chalk-related allergies and promoting cleaner air quality. Additionally, PVA erasers offer improved erasing efficiency and lifespan, requiring less frequent replacement and resulting in cost savings for educational institutions.

 

The key to achieving dust-free wiping lies in its unique internal structure and cleaning mechanism. Although its appearance is similar to a traditional blackboard eraser, its internal structure is quite different. The interior of the dust-free blackboard eraser uses an efficient adsorption material that combines ultrafine PVA fiber and high adsorbent. This material can quickly absorb dust into the interior when wiping to avoid dust. The fine structure of microfiber not only enhances the adsorption force, but also ensures a good cleaning effect.

 

PVA dust-free blackboard brings people a cleaner and healthier working and learning environment. It plays an important role in the field of education and other fields and has become an integral part of people's lives. The success of PVA dustless blackboard erasers also inspires us to pay more attention to environmental protection in social development, and pay more attention to people's health and quality of life in product design and use.

 

Website: www.elephchem.com

Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272

E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

ElephChem Holding Limited, professional market expert in Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion(VAE) with strong recognition and excellent plant facilities of international standards.

The Advantages of PVA High Strength Fiber in the Textile Industry

PVA High Strength Fiber is a type of synthetic fiber derived from Polyvinyl Alcohol. It exhibits remarkable strength, making it suitable for a wide range of textile applications. In the textile process, polyvinyl alcohol is used as a sizing agent, which can improve the strength and smoothness of yarn, reduce the breakage rate, and improve textile efficiency. PVA fiber, as a product of polyvinyl alcohol, also plays an important role in the textile industry. 

 

PVA High Strength Fiber stands out for its excellent tensile strength and durability. It retains its strength even when wet, making it ideal for applications that involve exposure to moisture or water. This strength is essential in various textile products that require superior performance and longevity.

 

One of the remarkable features of PVA High Strength Fiber is its water solubility. This property allows the fiber to dissolve completely when exposed to water or other aqueous solutions. As a result, fabrics or products made from PVA High Strength Fiber can be easily recycled or disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner, reducing waste and pollution.

 

PVA High Strength Fiber is considered an eco-friendly material due to its biodegradability and low environmental impact. Unlike synthetic fibers with non-biodegradable properties, PVA High Strength Fiber naturally decomposes over time, making it a sustainable choice for the textile industry. Additionally, its water solubility enables it to be easily washed away during processing, minimizing the release of harmful substances into waterways.

 

The outstanding properties of PVA High Strength Fiber make it suitable for various textile applications. It can be used in the production of lightweight and high-strength fabrics, such as sportswear, outdoor gears, and technical textiles. The water solubility of PVA High Strength Fiber also makes it ideal for temporary textiles, such as interlinings and embroidery backings, which can be dissolved after use.

 

When compared to other chemical fibers, such as polyester or nylon, PVA High Strength Fiber offers distinct advantages. It combines the strength and durability of synthetic fibers with the eco-friendly and water-soluble properties of PVA. Its biodegradability and reduced environmental impact make it an attractive option for manufacturers and consumers alike.

 

Website: www.elephchem.com

Whatsapp: (+)86 13851435272

E-mail: admin@elephchem.com

ElephChem Holding Limited, professional market expert in Polyvinyl Alcohol(PVA) and Vinyl Acetate–ethylene Copolymer Emulsion(VAE) with strong recognition and excellent plant facilities of international standards.

Carbon Fiber Composites The Game-Changing Material Powering the Low-Altitude Economy


The Low-Altitude Economy

Brings a New Growth Horizon for Carbon Fiber

(1) Carbon Fiber Composites: The Key Material for Achieving Lightweight Aerospace Vehicles
Carbon fiber is a fiber material with over 90% carbon content, featuring numerous properties such as low density, high specific strength, and high modulus. Its tensile strength can exceed steel, aluminum alloy, and titanium alloy by more than 9 times at the same weight, while its elastic modulus can be more than 4 times that of steel, aluminum alloy, and titanium alloy. These advantages make carbon fiber an ideal choice for achieving lightweight in aerospace vehicles. By applying carbon fiber composite materials to the construction of aircraft body structures and internal components, the aircraft’s weight can be significantly reduced, energy consumption minimized, and structural strength and safety enhanced. Using carbon fiber composites in the construction of eVTOLs can help reduce the overall weight of the aircraft by 30%-40%.


Carbon Fiber Composites


(2) The Low-Altitude Economy Brings New Driving Forces for Carbon Fiber Composites
Since eVTOLs, small drones, and some light aircraft are electrically powered, they have even higher requirements for lightweight materials. Carbon fiber composites play a much larger role in the structure and components of eVTOLs compared to traditional aircraft. In the commercial aviation sector, about 50% of the structure of the Boeing 787 is made from composite materials. According to Stratview Research, the proportion of composite materials used in the structure of eVTOLs is as high as 70%. More than 90% of these composites are carbon fiber reinforced, with around 10% being glass fiber reinforced. This implies that carbon fiber composites account for over 63% of the total material used in eVTOLs. In eVTOL composite materials, approximately 75%-80% will be used in structural parts and propulsion systems, 12%-14% in internal structures such as beams and seat structures, and the remaining 8%-12% in battery systems, avionics, and other small applications.

Carbon Fiber Composites Applications

(3) Extensive Use of Carbon Fiber Composites in Mainstream eVTOL Models
The three most mainstream domestic eVTOL manufacturers are EHang, XPeng Aeroht, and Vertical Aerospace. The publicly disclosed models from these companies include EHang's EH216-S, XPeng Aeroht's Traveler X2, and Vertical Aerospace's Shengshi Long. For traditional commercial aircraft, the maximum takeoff weight = empty weight + fuel weight + maximum payload. Since eVTOLs are purely electrically powered, the maximum takeoff weight = empty weight + maximum payload. By subtracting the maximum payload from the maximum takeoff weight, we can estimate the empty weight. According to disclosed data, the maximum individual payload for the Traveler X2 is calculated as (560-360)/2 = 100 kg. Additionally, China Hengrui HRC has disclosed that part of the body of the XPeng Aeroht X2 is exclusively manufactured by HRC, with the carbon fiber portion weighing only 85 kg. Therefore, the proportion of carbon fiber composites = 85/360 = 23.6%. Assuming the eVTOLs from EHang and Vertical Aerospace also use carbon fiber composites at the same proportion of 23.6%.

(4) eVTOLs Will Become a New Growth Driver for Carbon Fiber in the Aerospace Sector
According to Stratview Research, the demand for composite materials in the eVTOL industry is expected to grow substantially in the next six years, increasing from about 1.1 million pounds (approximately 500 tons) in 2024 to 25.9 million pounds (approximately 11,750 tons) in 2030, with a growth rate of about 22.5 times and an annual growth rate of 69%. According to CAO Carbon Fiber's forecast, the demand for carbon fiber in the aerospace sector will increase from 22,000 tons in 2023 to 48,635 tons by 2030, with an annual growth rate of 12%. This forecast does not yet account for the potential boost to the eVTOL industry due to increased policy support. If we refer to these two static projections, by 2030, carbon fiber demand in the aerospace sector from eVTOLs is expected to account for 24.2%. With the acceleration of eVTOL deployment driven by policy catalysts, this proportion could be even higher. It is clear that eVTOLs will become an important source of demand for carbon fiber in the aerospace sector by 2030.



Long Carbon Fiber Composites in the UAV Field

Long carbon fiber composite materials are increasingly being applied in the UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) field, playing a crucial role in enhancing UAV performance, extending flight time, and improving durability and reliability.

Here are the main applications and advantages of long carbon fiber composites in the UAV sector:


1. Enhancing Strength and Stiffness of UAV Structures
Long carbon fiber composites have extremely high specific strength and specific stiffness, enabling them to bear heavy loads while remaining lightweight. By using long carbon fiber composites in UAV structures such as the fuselage, wings, propellers, and landing gear, the strength and stiffness of the UAV can be significantly improved, ensuring it can withstand complex flight environments and high-speed operations.

2. Reducing Weight and Extending Flight Time
Weight is a key factor that affects the flight time of UAVs. Long carbon fiber composites are extremely lightweight yet offer excellent strength, which helps reduce the overall weight of the UAV. This, in turn, improves battery efficiency and extends flight time. Lightweight design is especially important in small UAVs and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft.

3. Improving Impact Resistance and Durability
The high toughness of long carbon fiber composites allows UAVs to maintain excellent impact resistance and durability when encountering collisions or extreme weather conditions. Particularly in the outer shells and critical structural components of UAVs, carbon fiber composites effectively prevent structural damage, reducing maintenance costs.

4. Corrosion Resistance and Environmental Adaptability
Carbon fiber composites have exceptional corrosion resistance, making them ideal for UAVs used in harsh environments such as high humidity or saltwater exposure. This makes long carbon fiber composites a great choice for applications in marine monitoring, agricultural spraying, and other missions requiring strong environmental resilience.

5. Electromagnetic Shielding Performance
Long carbon fiber composites possess certain electromagnetic shielding properties, which help reduce interference from external electromagnetic sources on the UAV's internal electronic systems. This is crucial for the stable flight of UAVs in complex environments, particularly for data transmission and communication systems.

6. Improving Safety
Due to the excellent fatigue resistance and aging resistance of carbon fiber composites, they effectively extend the lifespan of UAVs, reducing the risk of failure due to material degradation. This contributes to improved flight safety.


Application Examples:
Small Consumer UAVs: Many high-end consumer UAVs, such as certain models from DJI, have begun using carbon fiber composites in their body structures, particularly in wings and support frames, to enhance flight performance and durability.

Military UAVs: Military UAVs, which require high durability, strength, and stealth capabilities, widely use long carbon fiber composites. These materials not only reduce weight but also enhance structural strength and stealth features.

Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing (eVTOL) Aircraft: eVTOLs have extremely high requirements for weight reduction. Long carbon fiber composites are ideal structural materials for eVTOLs. By using these materials, eVTOLs can achieve lightweight designs while ensuring sufficient strength and stiffness, thereby improving range and flight efficiency.





Key Applications of PA66 Exploring Its Two Major Fields


As one of the most widely used nylon products, PA66 is renowned for its high strength, excellent wear resistance, and superior lubricity, making it widely applicable in fields such as engineering plastics, industrial yarns, and civilian threads. According to market data, approximately 59% of global PA66 consumption is used in engineering plastics, while 41% is utilized in synthetic fibers.


Polyamide 66 Nylon applications

Long Glass Fiber Reinforced PA 66



01|Engineering Plastics

Approximately 45% of PA66 is used in the automotive industry, while around 16% is applied in the electrical and electronics industry.

With the rising penetration of new energy vehicles, the trend toward automotive lightweighting has become increasingly prominent. As an engineering plastic, PA66 stands out as an ideal substitute for traditional metal materials due to its advantages in lightweight properties, heat resistance, oil resistance, and flame retardancy. It is widely used in automotive engine systems, electrical systems, chassis systems, and more, showcasing a broad potential for "plastic replacing steel" applications.

Studies show that reducing the total weight of a new energy vehicle by 100kg can increase its driving range by 10%-11%, while also reducing battery costs and daily wear-and-tear costs by 20%, highlighting the significant advantages of lightweighting. As carbon neutrality continues to advance, the demand for PA66 in automotive, electronic, and consumer goods sectors is expected to grow significantly.

The table below illustrates examples of PA66 applications in the automotive industry:


Component Name
Material Used
Molding Method and Features
Gear Cover
PA6, PA66
Injection molding, cost reduction, noise prevention
Filter
PA6, PA66
Lightweight, cost reduction, injection molding
Sun Visor Bracket
GFPA6, PA66
Injection molding, lightweight
Wiper Gear
PA66
Injection molding
Counting Gear, Speed Adjustment Gear
GFPA6, PA66
Injection molding, cost reduction, noise prevention
Headlight and Fog Light Housings
GFPA6, PA66
Injection molding
Auto-Adjust Seat Frame
Antibacterial GFPA6
Injection molding, lightweight
Battery Case
GFPA66
Injection molding
Wheel Trim Cover
CF or MPA6, PPO/PA6 modified PA66
Injection molding
Lunar Lock
GFPA66
Injection molding, high strength, good appearance
Charcoal Canister
PA66
Heat and oil resistance, prevents fuel tank vapor diffusion into the atmosphere
Hose Clamp
PA66
Injection molding
Condenser Guard Bracket
PA66
Injection molding
Nut Plug
PA66
-
Plastic Bracket
PA66
Injection molding
Support Clamp
PA66
Injection molding
Accelerator Pedal Bearing Sleeve
30% GFPA66
-
Air Conditioner Vent Control Lever
30% GFPA66
-
Worm Gear
GFPA66
Injection molding
Door Mirror Bracket
GFPA66
Injection molding
Roof Spoiler
CFPA66
High rigidity, good appearance
Roof Rainwater Gutter
GFPA66
High rigidity, lightweight
Adjustment Control Cam
GFPA66
Injection molding, lightweight, durable
Thermostat Housing Cover
GFPA66
Injection molding, lightweight, strong durability
Water Pump Impeller
GFPA66
Injection molding, cost reduction
Handle
GFPA66
-
Seat Back Recliner
CFPA66
Saves 1/3 of costs
Lumbar Support Adjuster
PA
Weight reduction by 67%
Various Wheels, Rollers, Gears
MC Nylon, GFPA
High strength, excellent wear, weather, and sliding resistance



02|Synthetic Fibers

Due to its high melting point and heat distortion temperature, PA66 exhibits excellent tensile and compressive strength in the spinning field, making it particularly advantageous for producing ultrafine fibers and high-strength clothing fabrics, accounting for 28% of PA66 downstream applications.

Moreover, PA66 fibers have a relatively dense crystalline structure, making them softer and more skin-friendly compared to PA6 fibers. With superior breathability, wear resistance, and adaptability to temperature and sunlight, PA66 fibers perform exceptionally well as an ideal material for outdoor sportswear, yoga apparel, and premium branded clothing, accounting for 10% of PA66 downstream applications.

However, due to the limited supply of upstream adiponitrile, the current application of PA66 in civilian silk remains relatively low. If breakthroughs in civilian silk technology are achieved in the future, PA66 is expected to partially replace the PA6 market, unlocking broader growth potential.

In summary, as "carbon neutrality" continues to advance, there is significant growth potential for PA66 demand in the automotive and electronic consumer goods sectors. Additionally, in the civilian silk sector, PA66 is poised to partially replace the PA6 market.




For PA66 resin, we offer reinforced composite pellets filled with long glass fibers and long carbon fibers.

Please contact us to obtain free material data.